The Bible

The Berean Standard Bible, the Hebrew Masoretic Old Testament, the Septuagint and deuterocanon, and 17 extra-biblical corpora — pseudepigrapha, the rabbinic library, Targums, Josephus, Philo, and the Apostolic Fathers.

Hebrew Old Testament

The pointed Westminster Leningrad Codex, in true Hebrew word order (right-to-left), chapters and verses numbered to match the BSB. Public domain, via the Berean translation tables.

Septuagint

The ancient Greek Old Testament the New Testament most often quotes — the 39 protocanonical books plus the Greek deuterocanon, in its own versification (Psalms run to 151). H. B. Swete's public-domain edition (1909–1930).

Deuterocanon

Books in the Catholic & Orthodox canons, from the public-domain Brenton Septuagint plus the Prayer of Manasseh and Psalm 151 (via Sefaria).

Extra-biblical

Second Temple writings outside the canon, read for the echoes they share with it — 1 Enoch, Jubilees, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Letter of Aristeas, the Psalms of Solomon, Megillat Antiochus, and 2 Esdras. Full source & license detail on Texts & licenses.

Rabbinic

The Mishnah, the Midrash Rabbah, the tannaitic midrash, Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer, and all 37 tractates of the Babylonian Talmud — read for how they preserve Second Temple debate. Full source & license detail on Texts & licenses.

Targum

Aramaic paraphrases of Scripture — Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on the Torah and Targum Jonathan on the Prophets (famed for its overtly messianic Isaiah 52–53), pointed Aramaic alongside. Both public domain.

Apostolic Fathers

The earliest Christian writings after the New Testament — 1 Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, the Didache, and more — read for how the first generation after the apostles quoted and re-used scripture. J. B. Lightfoot's 1891 translation (public domain).

Josephus

The works of the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus — the Antiquities of the Jews, The Jewish War, his Life, and Against Apion. William Whiston's 1737 translation (public domain).

Philo

The works of the first-century Hellenistic-Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria, whose allegorical reading and Logos theology stand behind the New Testament's own categories. The Loeb Classical Library translation (public domain).